In trade between the EU and third countries, the common customs tariff and common trade policy are applied. These include import controls and quantitative restrictions, customs duties, duty exemptions, reduced duties (suspension duties), anti-dumping regulations, countervailing duties, processing trade, export controls, preferential agreements, trade preferences for developing countries under the GSP system, and quota arrangements related to international agreements.
In addition to the liberalization of global trade under the GATT framework, the EU has bilateral trade agreements with individual countries or regional groups and extensive trade agreements with developing countries. Trade agreements always involve proof of origin through a certificate of origin, which entitles goods to special treatment. Not all products from developing or least developed countries automatically qualify for duty-free import; trade preferences are granted on a country- and product-specific basis and are detailed in the customs tariff.
While the aim is to facilitate trade with developing countries, the EU protects itself from competing products by imposing quotas even on preferential imports, thereby limiting imports that compete with its domestic production. The quota system is often accompanied by licensing requirements.
Page updated / checked 5.1.2025.